Mehmet Ali K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7bay, Leviathan\u2019a (Thomas Hobbes) yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6zde \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cHer \u00fctopya, bir cennet veya bir cehennem senaryosudur ve modelini haritada terra incognita diye g\u00f6sterilen yerlerden al\u0131r\u201d Yani bilinmeyen yerler. \u201c16.Yy\u2019\u0131n terra incognitas\u0131 Amerika olmu\u015ftur, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131nkilerin bilinmeyen Asya oldu\u011fu gibi\u201d\u2026 O sebeple ke\u015fifler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 olarak an\u0131lan 15 ve 16. Yy\u2019da Avrupal\u0131lar i\u00e7in Asya ve Amerika terra incognita olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Neil McWilliam ise \u201cMarx ile Engels, 1848\u2019de \u00fctopyac\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yorumlarda bu t\u00fcr \u00f6zlemleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmserler. Saint-Simon ve Fourier\u2019yi proletaryay\u0131 \u2018tarihte hi\u00e7bir inisiyatif \u00fcstlenmemi\u015f ya da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hi\u00e7bir siyasi hareket y\u00fcr\u00fctmemi\u015f bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u2019 olarak g\u00f6rmekle su\u00e7larlar.\u201d diye ifade etmektedir (Sanat \u00dctopya: Mutluluk Hayalleri, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1. Bask\u0131, 2011, s. 29)<\/p>\n
Ama bunlardan en \u00e7ok tasavvur edileni ada \u00fctopyalar\u0131. Ke\u015fif bekleyen daha \u00f6teki topraklar bilhassa adalar Avrupal\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n birer \u00fctopya konusu idi.<\/p>\n
Robinson Crusoe\u2019yu \u00e7ocuklu\u011fumda okumu\u015ftum. O roman\u0131n bir adada ge\u00e7en hik\u00e2yesi bir \u00fctopyadan \u00e7ok bir hakikate dayan\u0131yordu ve ilk \u0130ngiliz realist roman\u0131 (1719) kabul edilmekteydi. Iss\u0131z bir adaya d\u00fc\u015fen uygar bir insan\u0131n, gemici Alexander Selkirk\u2019in 25 y\u0131l birka\u00e7 ara\u00e7la do\u011fayla m\u00fccadelesini anlat\u0131yordu. Sonra J.Swift\u2019in bir ba\u015fka \u00fcnl\u00fc ada hik\u00e2yesi de G\u00fcliver\u2019in Gezileri idi: C\u00fcceler Adas\u0131 (Lilliput) ve devler \u00fclkesi (Brobdingnag) maceralar\u0131\u2026 Jules Verne\u2019in Esrarl\u0131 Ada\u2019s\u0131, R.Louis Stevenson\u2019un Define Adas\u0131 gibi fantastik \u00f6yk\u00fcler de \u00fctopik yaz\u0131n i\u00e7inde k\u0131smen yer bulmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n
En bilinen iki ada hik\u00e2yesi Platon\u2019un aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Atlantis ve F.Bacon\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yeni Atlantis\u2019ti.<\/p>\n
Antik\u00e7a\u011f \u00fctopyalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Phales, Hippodamos, Aristophanes, Euhemeros<\/p>\n
ve Lukianos yer al\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda yine bir ada \u00fctopyas\u0131 olarak Euhemeros\u2019un Hiera Adas\u0131 da dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Krals\u0131z, e\u015fitlik\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7i bir toplumsal d\u00fczen (Panchaea) \u00f6nerilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Platon efsanesinde bir tepeyi karadan ay\u0131r\u0131p b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ada meydana getirmi\u015f onu da \u00e7emberler \u015feklinde 5 par\u00e7aya ay\u0131rarak Atlantis\u2019i tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak bolluk ve zenginle\u015fme ile giderek yozla\u015fan ada halk\u0131 iktidar h\u0131rs\u0131 ile beraber bilgeli\u011fin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karak yok olup gitmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Platon Atlantis\u2019ten sonra \u00f6nerdi\u011fi ikinci devlet modelini Sparta ve Atina\u2019n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Yunanistan i\u00e7in bir siyasal \u00f6neri olarak yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Devlet… Platon Devlet (Politeia) adl\u0131 eserde filozoflar\u0131n y\u00f6netimindeki bir devlet \u015fekli \u00f6nermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Devlet ile beraber ba\u015fka bir antik\u00e7a\u011f \u00fctopyas\u0131 olan Jambulos\u2019un G\u00fcne\u015f Adalar\u0131 da yine y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu \u00fctopyac\u0131lara esin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Tomasso Campanella ise G\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi\u2019inde, \u201c\u0130nsanlar\u0131 do\u011fru ve y\u00fcksek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler y\u00f6netmiyor. D\u00fcnyaya felaketleri bile mutluluk diye adland\u0131ran k\u00f6t\u00fcler h\u00e2kimdir.\u201d diyordu (G\u00fcne\u015f \u00dclkesi, Kaynak yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2.Bask\u0131, s.87). \u0130lkel insanlar \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi sava\u015f\u0131 bilmiyorlar, adalar\u0131nda sakin ve do\u011fayla bar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olarak ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Daha bir\u00e7ok ada \u00fctopyas\u0131 var elbette fakat en \u00e7ok bilinen ya da benim adlar\u0131na en s\u0131k rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00fctopyalard\u0131 bunlar.<\/p>\n
Teorik olarak anlat\u0131 (metin) \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00fctopyalar\u0131n uygulama alan\u0131 ise mimarl\u0131k tasar\u0131mlar\u0131d\u0131r yani kentsel uygulamalar.<\/p>\n
Bu alandaki \u00f6nemli kaynaklardan bir tanesi de 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan \u201c20.Yy Kenti\u201d dir. Bu kitap Wright, Howard ve Cobusier\u2019in 20.Yy kent \u00fctopyalar\u0131na yer verir (s. 107-126) Kooperatif-sosyalist, decentrist ve sendikalist y\u00f6nelimli olarak ifade etti\u011fi bu \u00fc\u00e7 planc\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na dayal\u0131 olarak Robert Fishman, \u201c\u00dc\u00e7\u00fc de kentsel tasar\u0131ma devrimci bir co\u015fku getirdi\u201d demektedir.<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 kitapta Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan kentleri s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131ran Gideon Sjoberg\u2019in feodal yani aristokratik kentlerle ilgili tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131na yer veriliyor. Sjoberg\u2019e g\u00f6re Asya ve Afrika\u2019daki \u00f6rneklere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu kentler belirli nitelikler g\u00f6steriyor: Tutucu, yenili\u011fe direnen, dinci ve gelenek\u00e7i de\u011ferlere g\u00f6re \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f dura\u011fan bir kat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n
Max Weber, \u015eehir (Die Stadt)\u2019de aristokratik \u015fehirlerin yani kral ve soylu \u00e7evresinin m\u00fclkiyetindeki kentlerden sonraki kentsel yap\u0131n\u0131n, burjuvazinin mesleki i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyle ticari ve hukuki haklar (siyasal ve sosyal) kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder.<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck Ferman\u0131 (Magna Carta Libertatum) kral\u0131n yetkilerinin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz hukuk sisteminin temellerinin at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih 1215\u2019tir…<\/p>\n
Ak\u0131n Sevin\u00e7 ise ayr\u0131 t\u00fcrler olarak ele al\u0131nan sosyal ve mimari \u00fctopya alanlar\u0131n\u0131 mimarl\u0131k alan\u0131ndaki mesleki bilgisini de katarak farkl\u0131 disiplindeki \u00f6rnekleriyle bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ele almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu (\u00dctopya: Hayali Ahali Projesi, Okuyan Us Yay\u0131n, 2004).<\/p>\n
Annalee Newitz ve Emily Stamm,19.Yy ve 20.Yy\u2019da tasarlanm\u0131\u015f belli ba\u015fl\u0131 ideal \u015fehir \u00f6rneklerini \u201cGer\u00e7ekle\u015fememi\u015f 10 \u00dctopya \u015eehir\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ele alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bunlar, vegeteryan aktivist Henry Clubb taraf\u0131ndan 1856\u2019da tasarlanan konutlara en fazla \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n girmesini sa\u011flayan \u201cSekizgen Kent\u201d, Frans\u0131z Mimar Le Corbusier\u2019in \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131nda bah\u00e7elerin oldu\u011fu g\u00f6kdelenlerden olu\u015fan Makine \u015eehri \u201cVilla Radiuse\u201d, 1902\u2019de toplumsal reformcu Ebenezer Howard\u2019\u0131n tasar\u0131s\u0131 \u201cBah\u00e7e \u015eehir\u201d, 1932\u2019de Frank Lloyd Wright\u2019\u0131n tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131r kentler \u201cBroadacre \u015eehir\u201d, Albert Speer\u2019in Berlin i\u00e7in tasarlanan dev bina ve geni\u015f bulvarlardan olu\u015fan \u201cGermanya An\u0131tsal Kenti\u201d, Henry Ford\u2019un 1930\u2019larda Amazon\u2019da denedi\u011fi \u201cFordistan\u201d, Buckminster Fuller\u2019in Tokyo i\u00e7in tasarlanan g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde y\u00fczen \u015fehirleri \u201cStars\u201d, 1947\u2019de Life Dergisi\u2019nde yay\u0131nlanan n\u00fckleer ge\u00e7irmez ulusal arazi kullan\u0131m plan\u0131 \u201cAtomurbia\u201d, Alaska i\u00e7in tasarlanan tamam\u0131 kapal\u0131 \u015fehir \u201cSeward\u2019\u0131n Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131\u201d ve G.Koreli mimarlarca tasarlanan iklimden ileti\u015fime her \u015feyin bilgisayarlarla kontrol edilece\u011fi \u201cAk\u0131ll\u0131 \u015eehir Songdo\u201ddur (\u00c7eviren \u00d6zlem Kat\u0131s\u00f6z, Ye\u015fil Gazete, 8 Ocak 2014).<\/p>\n
Sonraki y\u0131llarda \u00fctopya yaz\u0131n\u0131 \u00fczerine olduk\u00e7a fazla say\u0131da yap\u0131t dilimize kazand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Say Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k ve Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 7\u2019\u015fer kitapl\u0131k bir \u00fctopya kitaplar\u0131 dizisi yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Say Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fctopya dizisi i\u00e7in kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u00dctopya ya da Ba\u015fka Bir D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Olabilirli\u011fi \u00dczerine\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 giri\u015f yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Mustafa Haz\u0131m Bayka, \u00fctopyalardan genel olarak s\u00f6z ederken, \u201cEvrensel mutluluk, e\u015fitlik ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck idealleri, s\u0131n\u0131fsal bask\u0131lar ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan toplumlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015flerini s\u00fcslemi\u015f ve giderek insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine bir kan\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d diyordu.<\/p>\n
Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ayr\u0131ca bilhassa Tanzimat sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00fctopik yaz\u0131lar\u0131 biraraya toplayarak T\u00fcrk \u00dctopyalar\u0131 ad\u0131yla yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Kitapta yer alan H\u00fcseyin Cahit Yal\u00e7\u0131n\u2019\u0131n Hayat-\u0131 Muhayyel\u2019i (Hayal Edilmi\u015f Hayat) ondan \u00f6nceki \u00fctopyalar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi uzak diyara, korunakl\u0131 bir adaya yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Ye\u015fil bir yurt olarak tasavvur edilen adada \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kanaatk\u00e2rl\u0131k ve demokratik kurallar (m\u00fc\u015fterek ya\u015fam ve karde\u015flik) ge\u00e7erli idi. Yal\u00e7\u0131n\u2019\u0131n, kitab\u0131nda aktard\u0131klar\u0131yla sosyalist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden, Jambulos\u2019un G\u00fcne\u015f Adalar\u0131 ve J.J.Rousseau\u2019nun ilkel ya\u015fama ili\u015fkin fikirlerinden etkilendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir\u2026<\/p>\n
Platon, T.More, Campanella, R.Owen, Fourrier, S.Simon, Louis Blanc, Proudhon, Marx ve Engels gibi isimler sosyalizmin yani kollektif m\u00fclkiyetin, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterek payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, toplumculuk ve e\u015fitlik\u00e7ilik fikrinin savunucusu oldular. Fransa\u2019da Fourrier ve S.Simon\u2019un devrimci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00fctopyac\u0131 sosyalist Robert Owen, 1816’da \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki New-Lanark fabrikas\u0131nda J.Locke\u2019un insan-\u00e7evre ve J.J.Rousseau\u2019nun toplumsal s\u00f6zle\u015fme teorilerini geli\u015ftirerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na uygulamak istedi. Robert Owen\u2019a g\u00f6re din, burjuva aile yap\u0131s\u0131 ile \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet krizin ana nedeni idi.<\/p>\n
Farabi 872-950 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m filozofuydu. El-Medinet\u00fc’l-Faz\u0131la (\u0130deal Devlet Yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin Ana \u0130lkeleri)\u2019da bir ba\u015fkan\u0131n erdemlerini sayar. Kitap \u0130sl\u00e2m ve Yunan felsefesini (Platon ve Aristo) uzla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ad\u0131yla \u201cAr\u00e2\u201d diye nitelendirilen kitab\u0131n 910-912 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir (\u00c7eviri Prof. Dr. Ahmet Arslan, Divan Kitap, 2013, 5.Bask\u0131).<\/p>\n
Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais, 1532\u2018den itibaren \u201cGargantua\u201d karakteriyle tan\u0131nan orta\u00e7a\u011f skolastik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini bat\u0131l inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftiren \u00f6nemli bir klasik \u00fctopik yap\u0131t serisi ortaya koydu.<\/p>\n
Thomas Hobbes 1651\u2019de \u00dctopyac\u0131lar \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanan bir d\u00f6nemde ona benzeyen ba\u015fka bir yap\u0131t ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Hobbes de kilise ve orta\u00e7a\u011f fikrini ele\u015ftiriyor, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de cumhuriyete ge\u00e7ilmesinden hemen sonra kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Leviathan adl\u0131 yap\u0131tta bir kralda cisimle\u015fen k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7l\u0131 ve me\u015faleli bir g\u00fcc\u00fc (Commonwealth) ulus-devleti, kutsal kent-devletin yerine koyuyordu.<\/p>\n
Gelece\u011fe ili\u015fkin \u00fctopyalardan biri de Edward Bellamy\u2019nin Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe Bak\u0131\u015f adl\u0131 \u00fctopyas\u0131d\u0131r. Roman kahraman\u0131 Julian West 1887\u2019de hipnozla uykuya dalar 113 y\u0131l sonra 2000\u2019de Boston kentinde uyan\u0131r. Ordusu bulunmayan, e\u015fit ve ortak bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde bulur kendisini. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri k\u0131sa olan bu zamanda art\u0131k para yerine kartlar kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu kartlarla ortak al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f edilen merkezlerden al\u0131nan her \u015fey evlere pn\u00f6matik t\u00fcneller vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bellamy, 1888\u2019de kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 romanda aristokrasiyi ve s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ele\u015ftirmektedir. Makinele\u015fme ve kentle\u015fmeyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak da mutluluk olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, her \u015fey denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
William Morris\u2019in Gelecekten An\u0131lar roman\u0131nda (1890) ise bu defa William Guest isimli bir kahraman kendini 2012\u2019de bulur. Devrim olmu\u015f Londra de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ta\u015fraya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f kentte Dick ad\u0131nda devrime ilgi duyan ya\u015fl\u0131 bir tarih\u00e7iyle gezerler. Karl Marx ve John Ruskin’in eserlerinden bolca etkilenen bu e\u015fitlik\u00e7i toplum \u00fctopyas\u0131nda, ulusa paraya yer yoktur. Herkes diledi\u011fi bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, \u00fcretilen her \u015feyi e\u015fit bi\u00e7imde payla\u015f\u0131r; \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet yoktur, herkes i\u00e7in yeteri kadar yiyecek ve giyecek vard\u0131r; ki\u015fisel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ile huzur bu \u00fctopyan\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
Morris, devletin yok olup gitti\u011fi ve her toplulu\u011fun kendi i\u015flerini \u00f6zg\u00fcrce y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir \u00fclke tasvir etmektedir. Clive Wilmer, Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan bask\u0131da yer verilen \u201cBibliyografik Not\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda William Morris\u2019in bu kitab\u0131 \u00fczerine \u201cGelecekten An\u0131lar \u00f6ncelikle bir memnuniyetsizli\u011fin ifadesidir. Hik\u00e2ye daha iyi bir d\u00fcnyan\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu vurgular.\u201d der. (Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, S.256)<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2002\u2019de Gelecekten An\u0131lar olarak yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitap Say Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da 2011\u2019de orijinal isminin \u00e7evirisiyle Hi\u00e7bir Yerden Haberler (News From Nowhere) olarak yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Egemenli\u011fin \u00fc\u00e7 temel unsuru coercion denen emretme g\u00fcc\u00fc (hukuksal), zor kullanma g\u00fcc\u00fc (polis ve asker) ve parasal g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc (maliye, vergi, kamusal harcamalar). Ursula K.Le Guin romanlar\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir otorite ve hiyerar\u015fiye yer verilmeyen bir toplumsal d\u00fczen (anar\u015fist \u00fctopya) i\u015fler. Ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131 say\u0131lan M\u00fclks\u00fczler i\u00e7in, “Roman\u0131m M\u00fclks\u00fczler, kendilerine Odocu diyen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir d\u00fcnya dolusu insan\u0131 anlat\u0131yor. Odoculuk anar\u015fizmdir. Eski Taocu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen, Shelley ve Kropotkin’in, Goldmann ve Goodman’\u0131n geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bi\u00e7imiyle. Anar\u015fizmin ba\u015f hedefi, ister kapitalist isterse sosyalist olsun, otoriter devlettir; \u00f6nde gelen ahlak\u00ee ve ilkesel temas\u0131 ise i\u015fbirli\u011fidir (dayan\u0131\u015fma, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yard\u0131m). T\u00fcm siyasal kuramlar i\u00e7inde en idealist olan\u0131 anar\u015fizmdir; bu y\u00fczden de bana en ilgin\u00e7 gelen kuramd\u0131r.” demi\u015ftir. Le Guin, amac\u0131n\u0131 \u201cAnar\u015fizmi daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde romanda somutla\u015ft\u0131rmak\u201d oldu\u011funu ifade ederek M\u00fclks\u00fczler\u2019i yazarken etkilendi\u011fi Amerika\u2019da anar\u015fizmin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yazar Paul Goodman\u2019a ithaf ediyordu\u2026<\/p>\n
\u201cSanayi Sonras\u0131 \u00dctopyalar\u201d (1987) ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda ele al\u0131nan kuramc\u0131lar da yeni bir toplumsal d\u00fczen i\u00e7in pratik uygulanabilir (protopya) \u00f6nermiyorlar. \u00c7o\u011fu gelecek i\u00e7in hala umutlu ama ciddi bir \u00fctopyalar\u0131 yok. Bahro, Gorz, Jones ve Toffler, bu d\u00f6rt sanayi sonras\u0131 \u00fctopist kuramc\u0131 en az\u0131ndan anti kapitalist yeni toplumsal ili\u015fkileri \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde savunuyorlar (Sanayi Sonras\u0131 \u00dctopyalar, Boris Frankel, 1991, Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131).<\/p>\n
Ernest Callanbach\u2019\u0131n 1975\u2019te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ekotopya adl\u0131 roman t\u00fcm sistemleri ekoloji \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f bir toplumun 1999\u2019daki ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk \u00e7evreci \u00fctopya \u00f6rne\u011fi oldu.<\/p>\n
Mazdek (6. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131) reformlar\u0131 da bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6n\u00fcyle bir sosyal devrim olarak nitelendirilebilir ve erken kom\u00fcnizm \u00f6rnekleri aras\u0131nda verilebilir. Babek H\u00fcrremi \u0130syan\u0131yla (816-838) geli\u015fen hareket ayn\u0131 zamanda sembolik olarak k\u0131z\u0131l elbiseler giymelerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc “K\u0131z\u0131llar – K\u0131z\u0131l giyinenler” ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Onedio Kolonisi 1848-1880 de kom\u00fcnist ilkelere dayal\u0131 dinsel ve sosyal bir topluluk (New York) olarak ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Ann Lee\u2019nin 1736\u2019da \u0130ngiltere\u2019de kurup New York\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cShaker\u201d adl\u0131 mezhep de kom\u00fcnal bir ya\u015fam tarz\u0131yla bilinmekte idi.<\/p>\n
Thomas M\u00fcnzer\u2019in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 12 maddelik bildiri de (1525) \u00fctopya tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir k\u00f6yl\u00fc kom\u00fcn hareketi olarak dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Dinsel kaynakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de devrimci bir hareket olarak geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Tanr\u0131 ve \u0130ncil buyruklar\u0131n\u0131n hasebiyle e\u015fitlik\u00e7i, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve adaletli bir toplumsal d\u00fczenin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc…<\/p>\n
G\u00f6ksel \u00fctopyalar bilim kurgu t\u00fcr\u00fcnde romanlar olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor. Bunlar aras\u0131nda Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac\u2019\u0131n \u00d6teki D\u00fcnya (1657), Aleksandr Bogdanov’un K\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z (1908), Robert Heinlein\u2019in Yaban Diyarlardaki Yabanc\u0131 (1961), John Scalzi\u2019nin Ya\u015fl\u0131 Adam\u0131n Sava\u015f\u0131 (2005) dilimize \u00e7evrilen yap\u0131tlar aras\u0131nda say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Le Corbusier baz\u0131 yerle\u015fim projelerine \u201c\u0130\u00e7inde ya\u015fanacak makineler\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Etkili bir devletle end\u00fcstriyel bir giri\u015fimi benze\u015f saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
Samuel Butler\u2019in 1872\u2019de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 distopya roman Erewhon, makinelerin insan \u00fczerinde egemen konuma ge\u00e7ece\u011finden s\u00f6z eden ilk kitap olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Butler, \u0130ngiliz Viktorya d\u00f6nemini su\u00e7, ceza ve din y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ele\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n
Bizde ilk \u00e7ocuk bilim kurgu roman\u0131 say\u0131lan Selma Mine\u2019nin \u201cUzay Yolu\u201d 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yak\u0131n gelecekteki \u00fctopyalar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu karamsard\u0131 ve birer distopyaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. H.Wells\u2019in Zaman Makinas\u0131, Aldoux Huxley\u2019in Cesur Yeni D\u00fcnya, George Orwell\u2019in 1984, Edward Morgan Forster\u2019in bilim-kurgu \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc The Machine Stops bunlar aras\u0131nda say\u0131labilir. D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n gelece\u011fi ile ilgili distopyalar aras\u0131nda Lois Lowry\u2019nin Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f Ki\u015fi (1993), Philip Reeve\u2019in Y\u00fcr\u00fcyen Kentler (2001) serisi Cormac McCarthy’nin Yol (2006) adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131 da say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Mehmet Ali K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7bay, Leviathan\u2019a (Thomas Hobbes) yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6zde \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cHer \u00fctopya, bir cennet veya bir cehennem senaryosudur ve modelini haritada terra incognita diye g\u00f6sterilen yerlerden al\u0131r\u201d Yani bilinmeyen yerler. \u201c16.Yy\u2019\u0131n terra incognitas\u0131 Amerika olmu\u015ftur, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131nkilerin bilinmeyen Asya oldu\u011fu gibi\u201d\u2026 O sebeple ke\u015fifler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 olarak an\u0131lan 15 ve 16. Yy\u2019da Avrupal\u0131lar i\u00e7in Asya …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":50321,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50320","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel"],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/adanaseshaber.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50320","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/adanaseshaber.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/adanaseshaber.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adanaseshaber.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adanaseshaber.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=50320"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/adanaseshaber.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50320\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":50322,"href":"https:\/\/adanaseshaber.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50320\/revisions\/50322"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adanaseshaber.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/50321"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/adanaseshaber.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=50320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adanaseshaber.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=50320"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/adanaseshaber.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=50320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}